`color{green}("𝐎𝐁𝐒𝐄𝐑𝐕𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍:")` The reactions occurring in the above Activity are written as –
`color{red}("𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐭𝐮𝐛𝐞 𝐀 : " Na_2CO_3(s) + 2HCl (aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + H_2O(l) + CO_2(g))`
`color{red}("𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐭𝐮𝐛𝐞 𝐁 : " NaHCO_3(s) + HCl(aq) → NaCl (aq) + H_2O(l) + CO_2(g))`
On passing the carbon dioxide gas evolved through lime water,
`color{red}(underset("(Lime water)") (Ca(OH)_2 (aq)) + CO_2(g) → underset("(White precipitate)")(CaCO_3(s)) + H_2O(l))`
On passing excess carbon dioxide the following reaction takes place :
`color{red}(CaCO_3 (s) + H_2O(l) + CO_2(g) → underset("(Soluble in water)")(Ca(HCO_3)_2 (aq)))`
Limestone, chalk and marble are different forms of calcium carbonate. All metal carbonates and hydrogencarbonates react with acids to give a corresponding salt, carbon dioxide and water. Thus, the reaction can be summarised as –
`color{red}(" 𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞 / 𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐡𝐲𝐝𝐫𝐨𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞 + 𝐀𝐜𝐢𝐝 → 𝐒𝐚𝐥𝐭 + 𝐂𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐱𝐢𝐝𝐞 + 𝐖𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫")`
𝐇𝐲𝐝𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐡𝐥𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐱𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐬 𝐠𝐚𝐬 𝐬𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐜𝐡𝐥𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞.
`color{red}(underset("Sodium carbonate")(Na_2CO_3) + underset("Hydrochloric acid")(2HCl) → underset("Sodium chloride")(2NaCl)+ underset("carbon dioxide")(CO_2) + underset("Water")(H_2O))`
𝐇𝐲𝐝𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐡𝐥𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐱𝐢𝐝𝐞 , 𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐜𝐡𝐥𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞.
`color{red}(underset("Magnesium Carbonate")(MgCO_3) + underset(" Hydrochloric acid")(2HCl) → underset("magnesium chloride")(MgCl_2) + underset("carbon dioxide")(CO_2) + underset("water")(H_2O))`
𝐇𝐲𝐝𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐡𝐥𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐱𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐠𝐚𝐬 , 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐜𝐡𝐥𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞.
`color{red}(underset("calcium Carbonate")(CaCO_3) +underset(" Hydrochloric acid")(2HCl) → underset("Calcium Chloride ")(CaCl_2) +underset("carbon dioxide")(CO_2) + underset("water")(H_2O))`
𝐒𝐮𝐥𝐩𝐡𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐭𝐞, 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐱𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐠𝐚𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞.
`color{red}(underset("calcium carbonate")(CaCO_3) + underset("Sulphuric acid")(H_2SO_4)→ underset("Calcium sulphate")(CaSO_4) + underset("Carbon dioxide")(CO_2) + underset("water")(H_2O))`
𝐒𝐮𝐥𝐩𝐡𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐬𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐭𝐞 , 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐱𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐠𝐚𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞.
`color{red}(underset("sodium carbonate")(Na_2CO_3) + underset("Sulphuric acid ")(H_2SO_4) → underset("sodium Sulphate")(Na_2SO_4) + underset(" Carbon dioxide")(CO_2) + underset("water")(H_2O))`
𝐍𝐢𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐬𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞 , 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐱𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐠𝐚𝐬 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞.
`color{red}(underset("nitric Acid")(2HNO_3) + underset("Sodium carbonate")(Na_2CO_3) → underset("sodium nitrate")(NaNO_3) + underset("water")(2H_2O) + underset("carbon dioxide")(CO_2))`
𝐇𝐲𝐝𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐡𝐥𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐱𝐢𝐝𝐞 , 𝐬𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐜𝐡𝐥𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐛𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞.
`color{red}(underset("sodium bicarbonate")(NaHCO_3) + underset("Hydrochloric acid")(HCl) → underset("Sodium chloride")(NaCl) + underset("carbon dioxide")(CO_2) + underset("water')(H_2O))`
𝐒𝐮𝐥𝐩𝐡𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐬𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐭𝐞 , 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐱𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐠𝐚𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐛𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞.
`color{red}(underset("Sodium bicarbonate")(2NaHCO_3) + underset("Sulphuric acid")(H_2SO_4) → underset("Sodium sulphate ")(Na_2SO_4) + underset("carbon dioxide")(2CO_2) + underset("water")(2H_2O))`
`color{green}("𝐎𝐁𝐒𝐄𝐑𝐕𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍:")` The reactions occurring in the above Activity are written as –
`color{red}("𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐭𝐮𝐛𝐞 𝐀 : " Na_2CO_3(s) + 2HCl (aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + H_2O(l) + CO_2(g))`
`color{red}("𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐭𝐮𝐛𝐞 𝐁 : " NaHCO_3(s) + HCl(aq) → NaCl (aq) + H_2O(l) + CO_2(g))`
On passing the carbon dioxide gas evolved through lime water,
`color{red}(underset("(Lime water)") (Ca(OH)_2 (aq)) + CO_2(g) → underset("(White precipitate)")(CaCO_3(s)) + H_2O(l))`
On passing excess carbon dioxide the following reaction takes place :
`color{red}(CaCO_3 (s) + H_2O(l) + CO_2(g) → underset("(Soluble in water)")(Ca(HCO_3)_2 (aq)))`
Limestone, chalk and marble are different forms of calcium carbonate. All metal carbonates and hydrogencarbonates react with acids to give a corresponding salt, carbon dioxide and water. Thus, the reaction can be summarised as –
`color{red}(" 𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞 / 𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐡𝐲𝐝𝐫𝐨𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞 + 𝐀𝐜𝐢𝐝 → 𝐒𝐚𝐥𝐭 + 𝐂𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐱𝐢𝐝𝐞 + 𝐖𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫")`
𝐇𝐲𝐝𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐡𝐥𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐱𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐬 𝐠𝐚𝐬 𝐬𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐜𝐡𝐥𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞.
`color{red}(underset("Sodium carbonate")(Na_2CO_3) + underset("Hydrochloric acid")(2HCl) → underset("Sodium chloride")(2NaCl)+ underset("carbon dioxide")(CO_2) + underset("Water")(H_2O))`
𝐇𝐲𝐝𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐡𝐥𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐱𝐢𝐝𝐞 , 𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐜𝐡𝐥𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞.
`color{red}(underset("Magnesium Carbonate")(MgCO_3) + underset(" Hydrochloric acid")(2HCl) → underset("magnesium chloride")(MgCl_2) + underset("carbon dioxide")(CO_2) + underset("water")(H_2O))`
𝐇𝐲𝐝𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐡𝐥𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐱𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐠𝐚𝐬 , 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐜𝐡𝐥𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞.
`color{red}(underset("calcium Carbonate")(CaCO_3) +underset(" Hydrochloric acid")(2HCl) → underset("Calcium Chloride ")(CaCl_2) +underset("carbon dioxide")(CO_2) + underset("water")(H_2O))`
𝐒𝐮𝐥𝐩𝐡𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐭𝐞, 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐱𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐠𝐚𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞.
`color{red}(underset("calcium carbonate")(CaCO_3) + underset("Sulphuric acid")(H_2SO_4)→ underset("Calcium sulphate")(CaSO_4) + underset("Carbon dioxide")(CO_2) + underset("water")(H_2O))`
𝐒𝐮𝐥𝐩𝐡𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐬𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐭𝐞 , 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐱𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐠𝐚𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞.
`color{red}(underset("sodium carbonate")(Na_2CO_3) + underset("Sulphuric acid ")(H_2SO_4) → underset("sodium Sulphate")(Na_2SO_4) + underset(" Carbon dioxide")(CO_2) + underset("water")(H_2O))`
𝐍𝐢𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐬𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞 , 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐱𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐠𝐚𝐬 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞.
`color{red}(underset("nitric Acid")(2HNO_3) + underset("Sodium carbonate")(Na_2CO_3) → underset("sodium nitrate")(NaNO_3) + underset("water")(2H_2O) + underset("carbon dioxide")(CO_2))`
𝐇𝐲𝐝𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐡𝐥𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐱𝐢𝐝𝐞 , 𝐬𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐜𝐡𝐥𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐛𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞.
`color{red}(underset("sodium bicarbonate")(NaHCO_3) + underset("Hydrochloric acid")(HCl) → underset("Sodium chloride")(NaCl) + underset("carbon dioxide")(CO_2) + underset("water')(H_2O))`
𝐒𝐮𝐥𝐩𝐡𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐬𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐭𝐞 , 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐨𝐱𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐠𝐚𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐛𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞.
`color{red}(underset("Sodium bicarbonate")(2NaHCO_3) + underset("Sulphuric acid")(H_2SO_4) → underset("Sodium sulphate ")(Na_2SO_4) + underset("carbon dioxide")(2CO_2) + underset("water")(2H_2O))`